PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: At, In, On

We use :

-         At for a precise time

-         In for months, years, centuries and long periods

-         On for days and dates…

Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc.

Important notes:

In:

1. Use “in” with spaces

2. Use “in” with the bodies of water

3. Use “in” with lines

At:

1. Use “at” with places

2. Use “at” with places on a page

3. Use “at” in groups of people

On:

1. Use “on” with surfaces

2. Use “on” with small islands

3. Use “on” with directions

Example:

1. I stayed on Malaska

2. I have a meeting at 9 pm

3. In Malaska, it often snows in March

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WILL and BE GOING TO)

Definition of simple future tense…

v.  In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future, or to happen next to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

Forms of simple future tense…

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to.“

Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Forms simple future tense used will..

v.  The formula:

            (+)       S + will/shall + Verb I

            (-)        S + will/shall + not + Verb I

            (?)        Will/shall + S + Verb I?

v.  Examples:

§  You will help him later.

§  You will not help him later.

§  Will you help him later?

Functions WILL:

1. Use “will” to give or ask for information or facts about the future

2. Use “will” for plans or decisions made at the time of speaking

3. Use “will” to predict the future and the present

4. Use “will” to offer to do something

5. Use “will” to agree to do something

6. Use “will” to promise to do something

7. Use “will” to make requests (or give orders)

8. Use “will” to refuse to do something or talk about refusals

Forms simple future tense used be going to..

v.  The formula:

            (+)       S + to be + going to + Verb I

            (-)        S + to be + not + going + Verb I

            (?)        To be + S + going to + Verb I?

v . Examples:

§  You are going to meet Jane tonight.

§  You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

§  Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

Functions be going to…

1. Use “be going to” for plans or decisions made before speaking

2. Use “be going to” to predict the future based on present evidence.

Introductory is a word when used in sentences, don’t infiuence the sentences meaning because it’s meaning have been contained by other sentences element.

Use introductory “IT”

1. As a subject (the place for “it” in subject position)

·        IT + To Be + Adj….

Example:

-          It is not difficult to understand the lesson

-          It would be nice seeing him again

·        IT + To Be + Noun….

Example:

-          It is a pity to spend the money that way

-          It is a difficult thing doing everything by yourself

·        IT + Linking Verb + Adj….

Linking verb is a verb that connect or link a verb to a noun or an adjective. Example from linking verb are: Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Has been, Are been, Have been, Became, Seems, Appears, Look.

Example:

~ It became useless to go on.

~ It appears no good cheating on the test.

·        IT + Verb + That Clause

Example:

~ It seems that she was sick

~ It happened that I was not out of town

2. As an object ( in object position )

·       Subject + Verb + IT + Adj

Example:

~ I think it wrong to cheat in the examination

-          I found it easy to get the best score for English

The introductory it is applied as an object of such verbs as think, feel, count, consider.

Ø The uses of “it”

a. The use of “it” in sentences about time and weather

·          It + Be + Noun phrase

Example: It is Monday today

·          It + Be + Adj

Example: It’s nice today

·          It + Verb

Example: It snows in the winter

b. The use of it in sentences about distance

Example:

From here to Venus Plaza is 350 meters

® It is 350 meters from here to Venus Plaza; or It is 350 meters to Venus Plaza

c. Another uses of “it”

1. To infinite + V-1

Example:

To understand this lesson is easy

® It is easy to understand this lesson

2. Being/ V-ing

Example:

Playing badminton is bad

® It is bad to play badminton

3. Should

Example: It’s important for parents to take care their children.

Use “Introductory It” with seem, appear, and look. The introductory it is used with these verbs when the subject sits in an infinitive phrase, clause, or a phrase with a gerund.

Example:

~ It looked unlikely that the train would stop

~ It appeared sensible to take the dog out of the shop

            Voices in the context as a form of verb that shows a subject has done something or something has done to subject. In this case, as grammatical voices consist of active voice and passive voice.

A. Active Voice

            Active Voice is a form the sentences when the focus is on the subject or is a sentences with verb that shows a subject has done something. The object of an active sentence is the subject of the corresponding passive sentences. In the active form, the tense is shown by the main verb.

B. Passive Voice

            Passive voice is a sentence with verb that shows if something has done to subject. In a passive sentence, a form of be appears before the main verb. In the passive form, the tense is shown by the form of be: present= am, is, are; past= was, were. The main verb of passive sentence is in the past participle form.

C. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

1. The object of the active sentences becomes the subject of the passive sentences.

2. The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).

3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentences (or is dropped)

4. Preposition “by” must be added after V3

There are five tenses pattern in passive voice:

- Present : …… + am/is/are + past participle + by + …

- Past       : …… + was/were + past participle + by + …

- Future   : …… + will be/shall be + past participle + by + …

- Present continuous : … + am/is/are + being + past participle + by + …

- Present perfect        : … + has been/have been + past participle + by + …

Example:

For simple present tense :

Active : Rizka watches Dahsyat on RCTI every morning.

Passive: Dahsyat on RCTI is watched by her every morning.

 

NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase is a phrase that functions as a noun. Every noun phrase has a head noun.

Noun phrase have 3 pattern :

-         -Noun + Noun

-         -Adjective + Noun

-         -Noun + Adverbial phrases

How can we develop nouns into noun phrase?

-         ->By adding a determiner: a, an, the, some, your, his, many, more, five etc.

-         ->By adding adjectives: good, bad, long, short, beautiful, etc.

-         ->By adding a present participle: opening, walking, running, sleeping, etc.

-         ->By adding a past participle: written, spoken, crooked, made, etc.

-         ->By adding a noun

-         ->By adding a preposition: in, on, at, of, in front of, etc.

-         ->By adding an infinitive: to read, to cover, to send, etc.

-         ->By adding a WH clause: who, which, whose, etc.

Example noun phrase with 3 patterns:

Noun + Noun: she has all about chemistry book.

Adjective + Noun: It's a beautiful red car.

Noun + adverbial phrase: a boy from his hometown.